Overview概述Afebrileseizureisaconvulsioninachildthat'scausedbyafever.Thefeverisoftenfromaninfection.Febrileseizuresoccurinyoung,healthychildrenwhohavenormaldevelopmentandhaven'thadanyneurologicalsymptomsbefore.热性惊厥是一种由发热引起的儿童惊厥。发热通常是由感染引起的。热性惊厥发生在发育正常,且既往没有任何神经系统症状的健康儿童。Itcanbefrighteningwhenyourchildhasafebrileseizure.Fortunately,febrileseizuresareusuallyharmless,onlylastafewminutes,andtypicallydon'tindicateaserioushealthproblem.当你看到孩子热性惊厥发作时,感觉很可怕。幸运的是,热性惊厥通常是无害的,只持续几分钟,而且通常不意味着有严重的健康问题。Youcanhelpbykeepingyourchildsafeduringafebrileseizureandbyofferingcomfortafterward.Callyourdoctortohaveyourchildevaluatedassoonaspossibleafterafebrileseizure.发作时你要保证孩子的安全,发作后要安抚孩子,并尽快打电话联系医生,评估孩子的情况。Symptoms症状Usually,achildhavingafebrileseizureshakesalloverandlosesconsciousness.Sometimes,thechildmaygetverystiffortwitchinjustoneareaofthebody.通常,一个患有热性惊厥的孩子会全身颤抖,失去知觉。有时,孩子可能只是身体的一个部位变得非常僵硬或抽动。Achildhavingafebrileseizuremay:Haveafeverhigherthan100.4F(38.0C)LoseconsciousnessShakeorjerkthearmsandlegs有热性惊厥的儿童可能会:发热,温度高于100.4华氏度(38.0摄氏度)失去知觉手臂和腿摇动或抽搐Febrileseizuresareclassifiedassimpleorcomplex:Simplefebrileseizures.Thismostcommontypelastsfromafewsecondsto15minutes.Simplefebrileseizuresdonotrecurwithina24-hourperiodandarenotspecifictoonepartofthebody.Complexfebrileseizures.Thistypelastslongerthan15minutes,occursmorethanoncewithin24hoursorisconfinedtoonesideofyourchild'sbody.热性惊厥发作分为单纯性和复杂性两种:单纯性热性惊厥:这种常见的类型会持续几秒钟到15分钟。单纯性热性惊厥在24小时内不会复发,也不是局限于身体的某个部位。复杂性热性惊厥:这种类型的发作持续时间超过15分钟,在24小时内不止一次发作,或者局限于孩子身体的一侧。Febrileseizuresmostoftenoccurwithin24hoursoftheonsetofafeverandcanbethefirstsignthatachildisill.热性惊厥通常发生在发热出现后的24小时内,也可能是儿童生病的第一个迹象。Whentoseeadoctor什么时候去看医生Seeyourchild'sdoctorassoonaspossibleafteryourchild'sfirstfebrileseizure,evenifitlastsonlyafewseconds.Callanambulancetotakeyourchildtotheemergencyroomiftheseizurelastslongerthanfiveminutesorisaccompaniedby:在你孩子的第一次热性惊厥发作后,要尽快去看医生,即使它只持续几秒钟。如果惊厥持续超过5分钟或有以下情况,呼叫救护车将孩子送往急诊室:VomitingAstiffneckBreathingproblemsExtremesleepiness呕吐脖子僵硬呼吸问题极度嗜睡Causes原因Usually,ahigherthannormalbodytemperaturecausesfebrileseizures.Evenalow-gradefevercantriggerafebrileseizure.通常,体温高于正常会引起热性惊厥。即使是低热也会引发热性惊厥。Infection感染Thefeversthattriggerfebrileseizuresareusuallycausedbyaviralinfection,andlesscommonlybyabacterialinfection.Theflu(influenza)virusandthevirusthatcausesroseola,whichoftenareaccompaniedbyhighfevers,appeartobemostfrequentlyassociatedwithfebrileseizures.引发热性惊厥的发热通常是由病毒感染引起的,其次是细菌感染。流感病毒和引起幼儿急疹的病毒,经常导致高热,与热性惊厥密切相关。Post-vaccinationseizures疫苗接种后发作Theriskoffebrileseizuresmayincreaseaftersomechildhoodvaccinations.Theseincludethediphtheria,tetanusandpertussisvaccineandthemeasles-mumps-rubellavaccine.Achildcandevelopalow-gradefeverafteravaccination.Thefever,notthevaccine,causestheseizure.一些儿童接种疫苗后,热性惊厥的风险可能会增加。这些疫苗包括白喉、破伤风和百日咳疫苗以及麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹疫苗。儿童在接种疫苗后可能会出现低热。引起热性惊厥的是发热,而不是疫苗。Riskfactors危险因素Factorsthatincreasetheriskofhavingafebrileseizureinclude:Youngage.Mostfebrileseizuresoccurinchildrenbetween6monthsand5yearsofage,withthegreatestriskbetween12and18monthsofage.Familyhistory.Somechildreninheritafamily'stendencytohaveseizureswithafever.Additionally,researchershavelinkedseveralgenestoasusceptibilitytofebrileseizures.增加热性惊厥发作风险的因素包括:年龄小:大多数热性惊厥发生在6个月至5岁的儿童中,最大的风险发生在12至18个月的儿童之间。家族史:有些孩子继承了家族热性惊厥的倾向。此外,研究人员还将一些基因与热性惊厥易感性联系起来。Complications并发症Mostfebrileseizuresproducenolastingeffects.Simplefebrileseizuresdon'tcausebraindamage,intellectualdisabilityorlearningdisabilities,andtheydon'tmeanyourchildhasamoreseriousunderlyingdisorder.大多数热性惊厥不会产生持久的影响。单纯性热性惊厥不会导致脑损伤、智力障碍或学习障碍,也不意味着你的孩子有更严重的潜在疾病。Febrileseizuresareprovokedseizuresanddon'tindicateepilepsy.Epilepsyisaconditioncharacterizedbyrecurrentunprovokedseizurescausedbyabnormalelectricalsignalsinthebrain.热性惊厥是被诱发的惊厥发作,并不意味着癫痫。癫痫是一种由大脑异常电信号引起的反复的,无诱因的惊厥发作。Recurrentfebrileseizures复发性热性惊厥Themostcommoncomplicationisthepossibilityofmorefebrileseizures.Theriskofrecurrenceishigherif:Yourchild'sfirstseizureresultedfromalow-gradefever.Thefebrileseizurewasthefirstsignofillness.Animmediatefamilymemberhasahistoryoffebrileseizures.Yourchildwasyoungerthan18monthsatthetimeofthefirstfebrileseizure.最常见的并发症是可能出现多次热性惊厥。如果有以下情况,则复发的风险较高:你的孩子的第一次惊厥发作是由于低热引起的。热性惊厥是疾病的第一个症状。直系亲属有热性惊厥发作史。你的孩子在第一次热性惊厥发作时还不到18个月。Prevention预防措施Mostfebrileseizuresoccurinthefirstfewhoursofafever,duringtheinitialriseinbodytemperature.大多数热性惊厥发作,发生在发热的最初几个小时内,在最初的体温升高期间。Givingyourchildmedications给孩子服用药物Givingyourchildinfants'orchildren'sacetaminophenoribuprofenatthebeginningofafevermaymakeyourchildmorecomfortable,butitwon'tpreventaseizure.在发热的时候给你的孩子用对乙酰酰氨基酚或布洛芬,可能会让孩子舒服些,但不能防止惊厥发作。Usecautionwhengivingaspirintochildrenorteenagers.Thoughaspirinisapprovedforuseinchildrenolderthanage3,childrenandteenagersrecoveringfromchickenpoxorflu-likesymptomsshouldnevertakeaspirin.ThisisbecauseaspirinhasbeenlinkedtoReye'ssyndrome,ararebutpotentiallylife-threateningcondition,insuchchildren.在给儿童或青少年服用阿司匹林时要小心。虽然阿司匹林被批准用于3岁以上的儿童,但从水痘或流感样症状中恢复的儿童和青少年绝对不应该服用阿司匹林。这是因为阿司匹林与雷伊综合症有关,这是一种罕见但可能危及生命的疾病。Prescriptionpreventionmedications预防性的处方药物Rarely,prescriptionanticonvulsantmedicationsareusedtotrytopreventfebrileseizures.However,thesemedicationscanhaveserioussideeffectsthatmayoutweighanypossiblebenefit.偶尔,需要处方的抗惊厥药物会用于预防热性惊厥。然而,这些药物可能会有严重的副作用,超过任何可能的好处。Rectaldiazepamornasalmidazolammightbeprescribedtobeusedasneededforchildrenwhoarepronetolongfebrileseizures.Thesemedicationsaretypicallyusedtotreatseizuresthatlastlongerthanfiveminutesorifthechildhasmorethanoneseizurewithin24hours.Theyarenottypicallyusedtopreventfebrileseizures.直肠地西泮(安定)或鼻用咪达唑仑可用于容易发生长时间热性惊厥的儿童。这些药物通常用于治疗持续时间超过5分钟的惊厥发作,或如果儿童在24小时内热性惊厥发作超过一次。它们不是常规用于预防热性惊厥。Diagnosis诊断Febrileseizuresoccurinchildrenwithnormaldevelopment.Yourdoctorwillcarefullyreviewyourchild'smedicalhistoryanddevelopmentalhistorytoexcludeotherriskfactorsforepilepsy.Innormallydevelopingchildren,identifyingthecauseofyourchild'sfeveristhefirststepafterafebrileseizure.热性惊厥发生在发育正常的儿童中。医生会仔细检查孩子的病史和发育史,以排除癫痫的其他危险因素。在正常发育的儿童中,确定孩子发热的原因是热性惊厥发作后的第一步。Simplefebrileseizures单纯性热性惊厥Childrenwhoarecurrentwiththeirvaccinationswhohaveafirstsimplefebrileseizuredon'tneedtesting.Yourdoctorcandiagnosethefebrileseizurebasedonhistory.目前正在接种疫苗的首次单纯性热性惊厥的儿童不需要检测。医生可以根据病史诊断为热性惊厥。Inchildrenwithadelayedvaccinationscheduleoracompromisedimmunesystem,yourdoctormayrecommendteststolookforsevereinfections:对于延迟疫苗接种计划或免疫系统受损的儿童,医生可能会建议以下检测,排除严重感染:AbloodtestAurinetestAspinaltap(lumbarpuncture),tofindoutifyourchildhasacentralnervoussysteminfection,suchasmeningitis血常规尿常规脊椎穿刺(腰椎穿刺),检查你的孩子是否有中枢神经系统感染,如脑膜炎Complexfebrileseizures复杂性热性惊厥Todiagnosethecauseofacomplexfebrileseizure,yourdoctormayalsorecommendanelectroencephalogram(EEG),atestthatmeasuresbrainactivity.为了确定复杂性热性惊厥的原因,医生可能会建议脑电图(EEG)检查,这是一种测量大脑活动的测试。YourdoctormayalsorecommendanMRItocheckyourchild'sbrainifyourchildhas:AnunusuallylargeheadAnabnormalneurologicalevaluationSignsandsymptomsofincreasedpressureintheskullAfebrileseizurethatlastedanunusuallylongtime如果孩子有以下情况,医生可能会建议脑部的核磁共振检查:头异常的大神经系统评估异常颅内压力增加的迹象和症状热性惊厥持续时间过长Treatment治疗Mostfebrileseizuresstopontheirownwithinacoupleofminutes.Ifyourchildhasafebrileseizure,staycalmandfollowthesesteps:大多数热性惊厥发作会在几分钟内自行停止。如果孩子出现热性惊厥,保持冷静并遵循以下步骤:Placeyourchildonhisorhersideonasoft,flatsurfacewhereheorshewon'tfall.Starttimingtheseizure.Stayclosetowatchandcomfortyourchild.Removehardorsharpobjectsnearyourchild.Loosentightorrestrictiveclothing.Don'trestrainyourchildorinterferewithyourchild'smovements.Don'tputanythinginyourchild'smouth.把孩子放在一个不会摔倒的柔软平坦的表面上。开始计时惊厥发作时间。密切观察和安慰孩子。清除孩子附近坚硬或尖锐的物体。松开紧身或约束孩子的衣服。不要约束孩子或干扰孩子的动作。不要把任何东西放进孩子的嘴里。Callforemergencymedicalattentionif:如果有以下情况,则要求紧急就医:Yourchildhasafebrileseizurethatlastsmorethanfiveminutes.Yourchildhasrepeatedseizures.Yourchild'sseizurelastedlessthanfiveminutesbutyourchildisn'timprovingquickly.热性惊厥发作持续时间超过5分钟。反复发作。惊厥发作持续不到五分钟,但孩子病情没有很快好转。More-seriousepisodes更严重的情况Adoctormayordermedicationtostopaseizurethatlastslongerthanfiveminutes.Yourchild'sdoctormayhospitalizethechildforobservationif:持续时间超过5分钟,医生会下医嘱,用药来停止惊厥发作。如果有以下情况,医生可能会让孩子住院观察:TheseizureisprolongedThechildisyoungerthan6monthsoldTheseizureisaccompaniedbyaseriousinfectionThesourceoftheinfectioncan'tbefound惊厥发作时间过长孩子不到6个月惊厥发作伴有严重的感染无法确定感染源Butahospitalstayisn'tusuallynecessaryforsimplefebrileseizures.但单纯性的热性惊厥,通常不需要住院。【我要称谢你,因我受造,奇妙可畏】
当粪便看起来是绿色的时候,通常是因为吃了某些食物如菠菜。某些药物或铁补充剂也会导致绿便。新生儿出生时会排出被称为胎粪的深绿色粪便,母乳喂养的婴儿通常会排出黄绿色的粪便。在年龄较大的儿童和成人中,绿色的粪便不常见,但通常不必引起关注。婴儿期绿便1. 母乳喂养时一侧乳房没有完全吸空,缺少了一些脂肪含量高的母乳,影响乳汁的消化。2. 对牛奶或大豆过敏的婴儿,使用蛋白水解物配方奶粉。3. 母乳喂养的婴儿缺乏正常的肠道细菌。4. 腹泻儿童和成人期绿便1. 吃绿色蔬菜比较多,如菠菜2. 食品色素3. 腹泻4. 铁补充剂【我要称谢你,因我受造,奇妙可畏】为每一个平静安稳的日子感谢上帝
正常情况下,食物经过消化吸收,残渣成为粪便,储存于结肠内1-2天排出。便秘是指排便频率减少,粪便量少且干结。便秘是一个常见的现象,可以简单的分为功能性便秘和器质性便秘。功能性便秘,又称习惯性便秘,没有
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