包皮环切，手术前，手术后（Circumcision）

Whether you're expecting a baby boy or have just welcomed your new little guy into the world, you have an important decision to make before you take your son home: whether to circumcise him.

哪些孩子需要包皮环切

需要包皮环切的小朋友主要包括两类：1，因为文化及传统。一些家庭因为文化及信仰的原因需要行包皮环切（割礼）；2，疾病。因为包皮口狭窄形成包茎的病理原因需要行包皮环切。

有关于包皮环切手术

Boys出生的时候阴茎头都被包皮覆盖，包皮环切就是切除覆盖阴茎头的包皮，显露出阴茎头。每年在美国，大约55% 到 65%的新生儿都会接受包皮环切(western states have the lowest rates and the north central region has the highest)。但是其他如加拿大，南美，欧洲和中国，新生儿期做包皮环切的就相对来说不多了。

一般情况下，青春期前随着boy阴茎的发育，非病理性的包茎孩子阴茎头基本都可以自行显露出来，粘连的包皮也会慢慢的分开。但是对于病理性的包茎，治疗的干预就必不可少论文，当然对于是否包茎的判断最好是咨询医生了。

包皮环切的利与弊The Pros and Cons

一）包皮环切术的好处

包皮环切可以降低boy发生泌尿系感染urinary tract infections (UTIs)的几率。

包皮环切可以降低阴茎肿瘤（penile cancer）的发生率。

减少炎症，感染的几率（irritation, inflammation, and infection,）包皮环切后清洁更加容易。

部分研究也提示可以降低阴茎头的敏感度，甚至对将来的性功能有帮助（ sensitivity of the tip of the penis, decreasing or increasing sexual pleasure later in life ）

二）包皮环切术潜在的风险

1，手术的操作过程中，手术后的疼痛，术后的疼痛多可以通过转移注意力等获得缓解，对于无法缓解的疼痛也可以考虑口服或者是擦药物。（One of the hardest parts of the decision to circumcise is accepting that the procedure can be painful. In the past, it wasn't common to provide pain relief.but doctors now use it. But because this is a fairly new standard of care, it's important to ask your doctor ahead of time what, if any, pain relief your son will receive.）

2，手术中的麻醉风险，局麻的风险相对来说非常低（0.2% 到 3%），但是仍需要知晓麻醉可能造成严重的并发症（Complications of newborn circumcision are uncommon, occurring in between 0.2% to 3% of cases.）

3，手术后的出血及感染。

三）包皮环切术后的家庭护理 Caring for a Circumcised Penis

1，保持环切处伤口的干净，一般术后三天就可以用水清洁，但是不能浸泡，清洁后需要用消毒水清洗伤口，也可以用凡士林纱布覆盖，可以避免伤口的摩擦导致出血。（Following circumcision, it is important to keep the area as clean as possible. Gently clean with warm water — do not use diaper wipes. Your doctors may recommend putting a dab of petroleum jelly on the baby's penis or on the front of the diaper for 3 to 5 days to ease any potential discomfort caused by friction against the diaper.

2，包皮环一般10到两周左右脱落，早期的时候阴茎头，包皮仍有些红肿，甚至稍稍出血。（It usually takes between 10 to 14 days for a penis to heal. Initially the tip may appear slightly swollen and red and you may notice a small amount of blood on the diaper. You also may notice a slight yellow discharge or crust after a couple of day. Although this is normal, certain other problems are not.）

需要回院的情况Call your doctor right away:

· 持续性的出血persistentbleedingor blood

· 发烧，fever

· 感染，发现伤口内有脓性的分泌物，other signs of infection

· 术后12小时后无疼痛时仍有排尿困难或异常。not urinating normally within 12 hours after the circumcision